Physics Question Answers & Calculations

Q.No.26: - which quarks contribute in the properties of hadrons? Ans: - only valence quarks contribute in the properties of hadrons not the constituent quarks who contain gluons with them. Like protons and neutrons have three quarks except their gluons.

Q.No.25: - Does hadrons or anti-hadrons are stable in isolation? Ans: - No. Hadrons and anti-hadrons are unstable in isolation. Just proton is much stable with decay time 10^34 years.

Q.No.24: - What are exotic hadrons and their types?  Give example. Ans: - Exotic hadrons also have two types exotic baryons and exotic mesons.          Exotic baryons consists of 5 valence quarks and exotic mesons consists of 4 valence quarks.

Q.No.23: - What are hadrons and their categories ? Give example. Ans: - Hadrons are composite particles. Those Baryons and fermions who made up of valence quarks are called hadrons.                  There are two main types of hadrons are one is Baryons and the other is mesons. Baryons are made up of odd number of valence quarks usually they are 3 valence quarks and mesons are made up of even number of valence quarks usually 2 valence quarks in which one is quark and the other is anti-quark. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons and pions are examples of mesons.

Q.No.22: - What are the valence quarks? Ans: - Valence quarks are also called current quarks. They form the hadrons like proton and neutron have three quarks. But be remember one thing that gluons or see quarks are not included in valence or current quarks.

Q.No.21 : - What are sea quarks and how they forms? Ans: - When due to high energy the gluon in a hadron splits then that gluon create quark anti-quark pair (mesons) those quarks are also called sea quarks. Be remember that sea quarks always form inside the hadron's strong field. Sea quarks are also called virtual particles.                This process also works in reverse in that the annihilation of two sea quarks produces a gluon. The result is a constant flux of gluon splits and creations colloquially known as "the sea". Sea quarks are much less stable than their valence counterparts, and they typically annihilate each other within the interior of the hadron. Despite this, sea quarks can hadronize into baryonic or mesonic particles under certain circumstances.

Q.No.20: - what are virtual particles? Is their any relation between virtual particles and sea quarks? Ans: -  virtual particles are created between(transit) all kind of interactions. The word "between" means that virtual particles are created during the interactions in others words they are created after the start of interactions and before the end of interactions.  Virtual particles do not necessarily carry the same mass as the corresponding real particle, although they always conserve energy and momentum. The longer the virtual particle exists, the closer its characteristics come to those of ordinary particles.            In quantum field theory, even classical forces—such as the electromagnetic repulsion or attraction between two charges—can be thought of as due to the exchange of many virtual photons between the charges. Virtual photons are the exchange particle for the electromagnetic interaction. Sea quarks are also called the virtual pa...

Q.No.19: - what is color confinement? Ans: - All those particles who have color charge when these individual particles combine to form a hadron then their total color charge will vanish and become neutral or "white". Even when quarks exchange gluons then they also exchange color charge but the total charge remain neutral. For example, if a red quark emits a red–antigreen gluon, it becomes green, and if a green quark absorbs a red–antigreen gluon, it becomes red.

Q.No. 18: - Which quarks made most of the mass of hadrons and how? Give an example also. Answer: - Most of the mass of hadrons is made up of Gluons. Gluons basically are massless particles but  they possess energy more specifically, quantum chromodynamics binding energy(QCBE) and it is this that contributes so greatly to the overall mass of the hadron.          For example, a proton has a mass of approximately 938MeV/c2, of which the rest mass of its three valence quarks only contributes about 9MeV/c2, much of the remainder can be attributed to the field energy of the gluons.

Q.No.17: - What is the difference between current quark mass and constituent quark mass? Answer: - Current quark mass means that mass of the quark alone while constituent quark mass means the quark mass with the Gluon mass particle field surrounding that quark.

Q.No.16: - How many types of gluons does exist? Answer: - Eight types of Gulons exist in the universe.

Q.No.15: - What are the strong force mediators? Answer: - Gluons are the strong force mediators, 

Q.No.14: - Using SU(3)c if color axis does change then it will change the quark flavor or not? Answer: - By changing color axis using SU(3)c the quark will not change and this is called locality. 

Q.No.13: - What is quantum chromodynamics? Answer: - The theory that deals with strong interaction is called quantum chromodynamics.

Q.No.12: - Which radioactive process occurs during flavor changing? Answer: - During flavor changing process  β-decay occurs in which neutron splits into proton, electron and electron anti-neutrino  ( ν e ) . Deeply we can say that this flavor changing process occurs when one down quark emit a virtual  W −  boson and convert neutron to proton. This  W − boson further split into electron and electron anti-neutrino  ( ν e ).

Q.No.11: - By which interactions the quarks change their flavors? Answer: - Quarks change their flavors only by weak interactions. By emitting or absorbing a W  boson. Any Up-type-quark (up, top, charm) change to any down-type-quark (down, bottom, strange) and vice versa.

Q.No.10: - What is the magnitude of spin vector at atomic scale and what is the spin vector magnitude of quarks? Answer: - The length of the spin vector is measured in reduced Planck constant  ħ .  For quarks  the  measurements of the spin vector components along any axis can only yield the value of + ħ/2 or - ħ/2 . That's why quarks are called spin 1/2 particles. 

Q.No.9: - Which quarks are up-type-quarks and down-type-quarks and why we name them? Answer: - we put up, charm and top quarks as up-type-quarks while down, strange and bottom as down-type-quarks

Q.No.8: - What is the magnitude of charge on quarks? Answer: - Quarks have fractional charge -1/3 or +2/3 depending on their flavors. 

Q.No.7: - How many generations the quarks have? Answer: - Quarks have three generations.                 (i) Up and Down                 (ii) Strange and charm                 (iii) Bottom and Top.

Q.No.6: - Which quark commonly exist in universe and why? Answer:  - Only "Up" and "down" quarks commonly exist in universe they have low mass(energy) and hence they are stable. While other four types of quarks have high energy so they are produced only in particle accelerators. 

Q.No. 5: - How many flavors the quarks have? Enlist them. Answer: - Quarks have six flavors                 (i) Up             (ii) Down         (iii) Top       (iv) Bottom         (v) Charm    (vi) Strange.

Q.No.4: - What are valence quarks? Answer: - The quarks that determine the quantum numbers of hadrons are called valence quarks.

Q.No.3: - How many types of charges a quark contain? Answer: - A Quark contain two types of charge, one is electric charge and other is called color charge  .

Q.No.2: - Why quarks does not found in isolation? Answer: - Quarks have a phenomenon called color confinement that's why they are found in isolation.

https://youtu.be/huKd2umIp7c Answer: - According to Particle Physics the Elementary particle is that particle which have no further structure or in other words we can say that such a particle which can't be divided further.